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Fire sprinkler systems are activated by heat—not smoke. When the air around a sprinkler head reaches a specific temperature (typically 135–165°F), the heat-sensitive element activates, releasing water directly over the source of the fire. Each head activates individually, limiting water damage and targeting the threat precisely.

Not all, but many. Requirements depend on occupancy type, building size, height, and use. For example, under the International Building Code (IBC) and NFPA 101, sprinklers are mandatory in most new commercial buildings, multi-family housing, high-rise structures, and large assembly spaces. Local AHJ (Authority Having Jurisdiction) may impose additional rules.

NFPA 13 is the standard for the installation of sprinkler systems and sets the design, performance, and maintenance criteria. It covers system types (wet, dry, pre-action, deluge), design densities, obstruction rules, and hydraulic calculations. Compliance with NFPA 13 is essential for code approval and insurance acceptance.

• Wet System: Water is always in the pipes—most common and cost-effective.
• Dry System: Pipes filled with pressurized air—used in unheated areas.
• Pre-Action: Requires a detection system to activate—used in sensitive areas like data centers.
• Deluge: All heads open; water floods the area—used in high-hazard zones.

Design starts with hazard classification: light, ordinary, or extra hazard. Designers calculate water supply, pressure needs, and layout based on NFPA 13 tables, occupancy type, and building construction. Computer hydraulic modeling ensures the system meets flow and pressure requirements at the most remote sprinkler.